There is no single best supplement for perimenopause. Current U.S. Menopause Society guidance does not recommend dietary supplements or herbal remedies as treatments for vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes and night sweats.[1]
That does not make every supplement pointless. A vitamin or mineral can help meet a real nutrient need. Some botanicals have limited or mixed human evidence. Other supplements may serve a separate goal such as muscle performance rather than treating perimenopause itself.
The useful question is not “Which perimenopause supplement is best?” It is “What problem am I trying to solve, and does this ingredient have evidence for that problem?”
Perimenopause supplements: the quick evidence guide
Perimenopause is the transition leading to the final menstrual period. Cycle changes and symptoms can begin years before menopause. For women with frequent hot flashes or night sweats, the timeline can be long. In the SWAN cohort, frequent vasomotor symptoms lasted a median of 7.4 years.[2]
That makes evidence quality important. A product used for months or years deserves more scrutiny than a short experiment.
Professional guidance is not identical worldwide. The 2025 International Menopause Society says soy-derived isoflavones and black cohosh can be considered for some menopausal symptoms, while the U.S. Menopause Society does not recommend supplements or herbal remedies for vasomotor symptoms.[17][1] That disagreement is a reason to separate a possible signal from a dependable treatment.
CELLSHE EVIDENCE MAP
What the common perimenopause supplements actually have evidence for
| Supplement | Why people search for it | Evidence for perimenopause symptoms | More defensible use |
|---|---|---|---|
| Magnesium / magnesium glycinate | Sleep, stress, muscle tension | Sleep trials of magnesium are inconsistent. Current U.S. menopause guidance does not establish it as a vasomotor treatment. | Meeting magnesium needs when diet is low or use is advised for another clinical reason. |
| Soy isoflavones | Hot flashes, night sweats | Mixed. A 2025 meta-analysis found a small improvement in overall symptom scores, but not significant effects on hot flashes, insomnia or vasomotor symptoms. | Soy foods can still be part of a nutrient-dense diet. |
| Black cohosh | Hot flashes, night sweats | Evidence has moved. A 2012 Cochrane review was negative, but a 2026 IMS systematic review found moderate-certainty evidence for vasomotor and overall menopausal symptoms, drawing on a 22-RCT meta-analysis of an isopropanolic extract. | Potential symptom use is extract-specific. U.S. and international menopause guidance still differ. |
| Ashwagandha | Stress, sleep, mood | One small 8-week randomized trial in perimenopausal women reported improved symptom scores. That is promising, but not enough for broad guideline support. | An individual, monitored trial may be discussed when safety and medication interactions have been reviewed. |
| Evening primrose oil | Hot flashes | A 2025 meta-analysis remained inconclusive. Some outcomes moved, while hot-flash frequency or intensity did not improve reliably. | No established broad indication. |
| Omega-3 | Hot flashes, mood, sleep | A 12-week randomized trial found no benefit for vasomotor symptoms, sleep or mood versus placebo. | Omega-3 may be used for separate nutritional or clinical reasons, not as a proven hot-flash treatment. |
| Vitamin D | Bone health, “hormone support” | Not a treatment for hot flashes or the menopause transition. | Meeting age-based vitamin D needs and addressing deficiency risk when clinically relevant. |
| Calcium | Bone health | Not a treatment for perimenopause symptoms. | Meeting the age-based calcium intake target, preferably with food doing as much of the work as practical. |
| Vitamin B12 | Energy, fatigue | No perimenopause-specific treatment effect is established. | Addressing low intake or a genuine absorption problem. The adult RDA does not rise at menopause. |
| Multivitamin | General “coverage” | A multivitamin is not a treatment for perimenopause as a whole. | Filling several dietary gaps when the formula matches actual needs. |
| Probiotics | Gut health, bone health | Not established for hot flashes or general perimenopause relief. The 2025 IMS guidance says probiotics could be considered for lumbar bone mineral density in menopausal women, with low-certainty guidance. | A narrow bone-health question, not a general menopause supplement claim. |
| DHEA | Hormones, energy, sexual function | Systemic DHEA has uncertain effects on menopausal symptoms and did not improve quality of life in a Cochrane review. Androgenic side effects were more common. | Do not treat oral DHEA and intravaginal DHEA as the same intervention. The latter has a separate postmenopausal genitourinary indication and evidence base. |
| Creatine | Muscle, strength, body composition | Not a treatment for hot flashes or hormone fluctuations. Perimenopause-specific evidence remains limited. | Muscle and strength are a separate goal. Recent postmenopausal trials are more encouraging when creatine is paired with resistance training. |
Main sources: Menopause Society position statement [1]; magnesium review [4]; soy meta-analysis [5]; black cohosh reviews [6][18]; omega-3 trial [7]; ashwagandha trial [8]; evening primrose meta-analysis [9]; NIH nutrient references [3][10][11][12]; creatine meta-analysis [14]; IMS guidance [17]; DHEA review [19].
What are the best supplements for perimenopause?
For hot flashes and night sweats, current evidence does not support naming a dietary supplement as the best treatment.
The Menopause Society reviewed nonhormonal options for vasomotor symptoms and placed supplements and herbal remedies in the “not recommended” group. Soy foods, soy extracts and equol were also not recommended for this purpose because the evidence was limited or inconsistent.[1]
That conclusion is narrower than saying supplements never have a role.
A person with low vitamin D intake has a vitamin D question. Someone with a B12 absorption problem has a B12 question. A woman with heavy or prolonged bleeding may need evaluation for iron deficiency. These are nutritional or clinical decisions that can occur during perimenopause. They are not proof that perimenopause itself creates a new supplement requirement.
This distinction is the main filter to use throughout the supplement aisle.
Does magnesium glycinate help during perimenopause?
Magnesium is an essential mineral. Magnesium glycinate is not an established treatment for perimenopause.
Magnesium has clear roles in muscle and nerve function, energy production and many enzyme systems. Adult women age 31 and older have an RDA of 320 mg per day from all sources.[3]
The popular leap is from “magnesium is important” to “magnesium glycinate treats perimenopause sleep, anxiety or hot flashes.” The clinical evidence does not justify that jump.
A systematic review of nine studies involving 7,582 adults found that observational studies linked magnesium status with some measures of sleep. Randomized trials of magnesium supplements produced contradictory results. The authors concluded that the relationship between supplementation and sleep disorders remained uncertain.[4]
That review was not a perimenopause-specific magnesium glycinate trial. A positive result from a multi-ingredient sleep formula would not isolate magnesium glycinate either.
What to check on a magnesium label: compare the amount of magnesium provided per serving, not only the name of the compound. Do not assume glycinate is proven to work better for perimenopause symptoms because it is marketed for sleep.
Magnesium status is also harder to reduce to one simple blood result than many supplement pages imply. Less than 1% of body magnesium is in serum. NIH notes that serum magnesium has little correlation with total body magnesium or tissue concentrations, and no single assessment method is considered satisfactory.[3]
If your diet already provides enough magnesium, the evidence does not show that adding magnesium glycinate automatically improves perimenopause symptoms.
Do herbal perimenopause supplements help hot flashes?
Some herbs have positive individual trials. The overall evidence is still too inconsistent for broad recommendations.
Soy isoflavones
Soy is the best example of why a simple “works” or “does not work” label can be misleading.
A 2025 systematic review and meta-analysis included 12 eligible studies. Seven studies with 533 participants contributed to the broad menopausal-symptom analysis. Soy isoflavones produced a small improvement in the overall symptom score. Yet the analysis did not find significant treatment effects for hot flashes, excessive sweating, insomnia or vasomotor symptoms.[5]
The authors also warned that the small samples limit confidence. The U.S. Menopause Society does not recommend soy foods, extracts or equol for vasomotor symptoms.[1] The 2025 International Menopause Society is less restrictive and says soy-derived isoflavones can be considered for hot flushes and menopausal symptoms.[17]
CELLSHE interpretation: soy evidence is mixed rather than empty. It is not reliable enough to present as a dependable hot-flash treatment.
Black cohosh
Black cohosh has one of the clearest examples of an evidence base changing over time.
A 2012 Cochrane review included 16 randomized trials with 2,027 perimenopausal or postmenopausal women. Its pooled analyses did not show a significant difference from placebo in hot-flash frequency or menopausal symptom scores.[6]
A newer 2026 International Menopause Society systematic review changes that picture. Across its complementary-therapy evidence review, black cohosh was one of the few interventions supported with moderate-certainty evidence for vasomotor and overall menopausal symptoms.[18]
The black cohosh evidence included a meta-analysis of 22 randomized trials with 2,310 participants. An isopropanolic black cohosh extract was more effective than placebo for menopausal and vasomotor symptoms, but not for anxiety or depression.[18]
That does not create full guideline agreement. The 2023 U.S. Menopause Society statement does not recommend herbal remedies for vasomotor symptoms. The 2025 International Menopause Society says black cohosh can be considered.[1][17]
Product identity matters here. NCCIH notes that much of the positive research concerns certain extracts, while commercial products can differ. Rare cases of serious liver injury have been reported, although causality is uncertain, and some products labeled as black cohosh have contained other herbs.[22]
Ashwagandha
Ashwagandha deserves a more measured answer than either hype or dismissal.
One double-blind randomized trial enrolled 100 women with climacteric symptoms during perimenopause. After eight weeks, the ashwagandha group had better menopause symptom and quality-of-life scores than placebo. Ninety-one participants completed the study.[8]
That is a positive human signal. It is also one small, short trial. It does not establish that ashwagandha broadly treats perimenopause, nor does it override the guideline-level uncertainty around herbal remedies.
Evening primrose oil
A 2025 meta-analysis pooled six randomized trials with 450 women. Hot-flash frequency fell more in the evening primrose groups, but the difference was not statistically significant. Hot-flash duration improved, while intensity did not improve significantly. The evidence was graded from moderate to low quality.[9]
That is not a strong enough pattern to call evening primrose oil a proven hot-flash supplement.
Omega-3
Omega-3 has good reasons to exist in nutrition. Treating perimenopause symptoms is not one of its better-supported uses.
In a 12-week randomized trial, 177 women received 1.8 g of omega-3 per day and 178 received placebo. The omega-3 group did not improve vasomotor symptom frequency or bother, sleep, depressive symptoms or anxiety compared with placebo.[7]
A supplement can be useful for one purpose and ineffective for another. That distinction prevents a lot of bad buying decisions.
One safety point is easy to miss: perimenopause does not mean pregnancy is impossible. Pregnancy can occur until menopause is reached.[24]
If pregnancy is possible, check botanical safety before use. NCCIH advises avoiding ashwagandha during pregnancy and notes medication, thyroid, autoimmune and liver-related cautions. Black cohosh may also be unsafe during pregnancy and can interact with health conditions or medicines.[23][22]
Which vitamins matter during perimenopause?
Perimenopause does not create a new Recommended Dietary Allowance for vitamin D, vitamin B12, magnesium or calcium. Age, diet, medical history, medications and individual risk still determine whether supplementation makes sense.
That distinction matters because a nutrient can be important for health without being a treatment for hot flashes, night sweats or other perimenopause symptoms.
CELLSHE DATA
The nutrient targets that do and do not change around midlife
| Nutrient | Women age 40–50 | Women age 51–70 | Does perimenopause itself change the RDA? |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin D | 600 IU (15 mcg)/day | 600 IU (15 mcg)/day | No. The RDA rises to 800 IU (20 mcg) after age 70. |
| Vitamin B12 | 2.4 mcg/day | 2.4 mcg/day | No. |
| Magnesium | 320 mg/day | 320 mg/day | No. |
| Calcium | 1,000 mg/day | 1,200 mg/day | No. The higher target for women starts at age 51. |
Sources: NIH Office of Dietary Supplements fact sheets for magnesium [3], vitamin D [10], calcium [11] and vitamin B12 [12].
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption and bone health. That does not mean every woman in perimenopause needs a vitamin D supplement.
The U.S. RDA is 600 IU, or 15 mcg, per day from ages 19 through 70. It rises to 800 IU, or 20 mcg, after age 70.[10]
The NIH Office of Dietary Supplements also summarizes current Endocrine Society guidance: healthy adults younger than 75 generally should not take vitamin D above the RDA solely for disease prevention, and routine vitamin D testing is not recommended for healthy people without an indication.[10]
Perimenopause alone is not a reason to jump to a high-dose vitamin D plan. Adequate intake matters. Testing or treatment can make sense when symptoms, medical history or risk factors give a clinician a reason to evaluate vitamin D status.
Calcium
Calcium is another case where the target changes with age rather than with a perimenopause diagnosis.
The RDA is 1,000 mg per day for adults ages 19 to 50. For women ages 51 to 70, it is 1,200 mg per day.[11]
Those numbers describe total daily intake from food, drinks and supplements combined. They are not instructions to take a 1,000 or 1,200 mg calcium pill.
Start by estimating what your normal diet provides. A supplement is one way to close a real gap, not a requirement created by the menopause transition.
Vitamin B12
The adult vitamin B12 RDA remains 2.4 mcg per day. It does not increase at menopause.[12]
Some people do become more vulnerable to B12 deficiency with age. Reasons include atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, gastrointestinal conditions, certain medications and low intake of animal or fortified foods. Atrophic gastritis becomes much more common in older age, particularly after 65.[12]
That makes B12 supplementation important for some women. It does not make B12 a general perimenopause treatment.
Is a perimenopause multivitamin worth taking?
A multivitamin can be a practical way to fill several small nutrient gaps. It still should not be judged as if it treats perimenopause as a whole.
Before choosing one, compare the label with what you already take. It is easy to duplicate vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, iron, iodine or other nutrients across a multivitamin and separate supplements.
A better multivitamin question is: which nutrients does this product add that my diet or current routine may not already cover?
What about probiotics and DHEA during perimenopause?
Do probiotics help during perimenopause?
Probiotics are increasingly marketed as perimenopause supplements, but the most defensible current evidence is narrower than the marketing.
The 2025 International Menopause Society says probiotics could be considered for improving lumbar bone mineral density in menopausal women. The guidance suggests the effect may be greater in women with osteopenia and with use longer than 12 months, but the recommendation carries low certainty.[17]
This is not evidence that probiotics treat hot flashes, sleep problems, weight gain or perimenopause as a whole. It is a limited bone-health signal that needs to stay in that lane.
What about DHEA for perimenopause?
DHEA needs a route-of-administration warning because different products are often grouped together as if they were interchangeable.
A Cochrane review of 28 trials involving 1,273 peri- or postmenopausal women found no improvement in quality of life with DHEA. The effect on menopausal symptoms was uncertain, while androgenic side effects, mainly acne, were more common.[19]
Intravaginal DHEA is a different intervention. A 2026 meta-analysis found benefits for vaginal dryness and painful sex in postmenopausal women with vulvovaginal atrophy.[20]
Evidence for intravaginal DHEA in postmenopausal genitourinary symptoms should not be used to support an oral DHEA supplement for general perimenopause symptoms.
What about supplements for perimenopause weight gain?
No dietary supplement has strong evidence as a perimenopause-specific weight-gain solution.
The physiology is also more interesting than the common claim that menopause simply makes body weight surge.
In the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, body composition changed around the menopause transition. The rate of fat gain roughly doubled and lean mass began to decline. Yet body weight had already been increasing before the transition and did not accelerate in the same way.[13]
CELLSHE ANALYSIS
The midlife shift is not just a scale-weight story
| Measure | What SWAN observed around the transition | Why the distinction matters |
|---|---|---|
| Fat mass | The rate of gain roughly doubled as women entered the menopause transition. | A stable or slowly changing scale weight can hide a larger change in body composition. |
| Lean mass | Lean mass began to decline during the transition. | Protecting muscle deserves its own plan rather than treating every change as a weight-loss problem. |
| Body weight | Weight increased before the transition and did not show the same menopause-linked acceleration. | Midlife weight change cannot be reduced to one hormone-driven explanation. |
Source: Greendale et al., SWAN body-composition analysis [13]. This table is CELLSHE's interpretation of the study's separate fat, lean-mass and weight trajectories.
That makes muscle retention a more useful target than chasing a supplement marketed only for “menopause weight gain.” Resistance training has a strong human evidence base for improving strength, muscle size and physical function.[15] Our guide to strength training for longevity turns that evidence into a practical weekly plan.
Does creatine have a role?
Creatine is not a treatment for hot flashes or perimenopause. It is more relevant to the separate question of muscle and strength.
A 2026 meta-analysis of seven randomized trials in 608 postmenopausal women found a small increase in lean mass and a larger improvement in leg-press strength with creatine than with placebo or control. Subgroup results were more favorable when at least 5 g per day was combined with resistance training. Bone mineral density did not improve overall.[14]
Those trials involved postmenopausal women, so the finding should not be repackaged as proof of a dedicated perimenopause supplement. It does show why creatine belongs in a muscle discussion rather than a hormone-balancing one.
For a wider view of exercise, nutrition, sleep and other healthy-aging priorities, see our guide to aging gracefully.
What should you take for perimenopause sleep or fatigue?
Start with the reason for the symptom, not the supplement aisle.
Sleep disruption can come from night sweats, insomnia, stress, pain or other causes. Fatigue can reflect poor sleep, low energy intake, iron deficiency, thyroid disease, medication effects and many other factors.
That is why “perimenopause sleep supplement” and “perimenopause fatigue supplement” are weak starting points for a decision.
A better sequence: define the symptom, identify the most plausible cause, then ask whether a supplement has evidence for that cause.
If hot flashes are repeatedly waking you, the main evidence question is treatment of vasomotor symptoms. If prolonged or heavy bleeding is leaving you exhausted, that deserves clinical evaluation rather than automatic iron supplementation. Heavy menstrual bleeding can cause iron-deficiency anemia.[21]
Magnesium can make sense when intake is low, but the randomized sleep evidence remains uncertain. A botanical with one positive short trial should not be treated as interchangeable with a therapy supported across multiple trials and guidelines.
How to read a perimenopause supplement label
A crowded label can make a product look more comprehensive than the evidence behind it.
Use four checks.
1. Can you see the amount of each ingredient?
If an ingredient is being sold for a research-backed effect, you should be able to compare the product amount with the amount studied.
FDA rules allow proprietary blends. The label must identify the blend, disclose its total weight and list the dietary ingredients in the blend in descending order by weight. The individual amount of every ingredient inside the blend does not always have to be disclosed.[16]
That can make evidence comparison difficult even when the ingredient names are visible.
2. Is the form clear?
“Magnesium” is less informative than a named magnesium form plus an exact elemental magnesium amount. The same principle applies to standardized botanical extracts and other ingredients whose studied forms differ.
3. Does quality testing answer the question you care about?
Third-party identity, purity or contaminant testing can tell you something important about product quality. It does not prove that the formula improves hot flashes, sleep, mood or weight.
Quality evidence and efficacy evidence answer different questions.
4. Can a perimenopause supplement balance hormones?
Hormones change during the menopause transition, but “balances hormones” is often used as a catch-all marketing phrase.
Ask which hormone, which measured outcome, which population and which human trial supports the claim. If those answers are missing, the phrase tells you very little.
A practical way to choose
The same supplement can look sensible or pointless depending on the job you expect it to do.
CELLSHE TOOL
The perimenopause supplement decision map
| Your goal | Best first question | What the current evidence suggests |
|---|---|---|
| Hot flashes or night sweats | Has this ingredient repeatedly improved vasomotor symptoms in good human trials? | The U.S. Menopause Society does not recommend supplements or herbal remedies for vasomotor symptoms. International guidance is somewhat more permissive for selected botanicals. Evidence-based hormonal and nonhormonal treatments exist. |
| Fill a nutrient gap | Is my intake, risk profile or clinical assessment consistent with a real need? | Vitamin D, B12, magnesium and calcium can matter for nutrition, but perimenopause does not automatically create a deficiency. |
| Protect muscle and strength | Am I resistance training and eating enough protein? | Resistance training has a much stronger evidence base than “menopause weight” supplements. Creatine has supportive postmenopausal muscle data. |
| Try a botanical | What exact symptom am I testing, and what human evidence supports this ingredient? | Evidence ranges from negative to mixed to early. Evaluate one ingredient and one goal at a time. |
Evidence base: Menopause Society guidance [1], NIH nutrient references [3][10][11][12], SWAN [13] and resistance-training evidence [15].
If your main problem is hot flashes or night sweats, clinical guidance matters more than a supplement ranking. Hormone therapy remains the most effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms when it is appropriate for the individual, and several evidence-based nonhormonal treatments are also available.[1]
If your goal is nutrient adequacy, treat it as a nutrition question. Look at age, diet, medications, medical history and any clinical reason for testing.
If your goal is muscle or body composition, put resistance training and adequate protein before a “menopause weight” blend. Creatine can be evaluated separately on its muscle evidence.
NMN belongs to a different evidence lane again: it is not a perimenopause treatment, and our NMN for women guide evaluates it separately through women-specific trials, menopause context, and NAD+ biology.
For the wider midlife routine around movement, sleep, nutrition and other healthy-aging priorities, use the Aging Well After 40 field guide.
If you want to try a botanical, define the symptom first. Review medication and health interactions, choose a product with a transparent dose, and change one variable at a time so you can judge what happened.
The supplement label matters less than the reason for taking it
The biggest mistake in this category is treating perimenopause as one problem with one supplement answer.
Hot flashes are a treatment question. Vitamin or mineral intake is a nutrition question. Muscle retention is an exercise and body-composition question. A supplement that makes sense for one of those jobs does not automatically make sense for the others.
That is also why the most heavily searched ingredients do not automatically deserve the strongest recommendation. Magnesium glycinate is popular, but its sleep evidence is uncertain. Soy has mixed data. Black cohosh has not beaten placebo consistently. Ashwagandha has an early positive trial, not a mature evidence base. Vitamin D, calcium and B12 matter when they address real nutritional needs.
The best supplement decision is the one tied to a defined goal, a defensible evidence base and a dose you can actually see.
Scientific references
- The North American Menopause Society. The 2023 nonhormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2023;30(6):573–590. PMID: 37252752. PubMed.
- Avis NE, Crawford SL, Greendale G, et al. Duration of menopausal vasomotor symptoms over the menopause transition. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2015;175(4):531–539. PMID: 25686030. PubMed.
- National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Magnesium: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Updated January 6, 2026. NIH ODS.
- Arab A, Rafie N, Amani R, Shirani F. The role of magnesium in sleep health: a systematic review of available literature. Biological Trace Element Research. 2023;201(1):121–128. PMID: 35184264. PubMed.
- Luan H, Liu Q, Guo Y, et al. Effects of soy isoflavones on menopausal symptoms in perimenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PeerJ. 2025;13:e19715. PMID: 40718787. PubMed.
- Leach MJ, Moore V. Black cohosh (Cimicifuga spp.) for menopausal symptoms. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012. PMID: 22972105. PubMed.
- Cohen LS, Joffe H, Guthrie KA, et al. Efficacy of omega-3 for vasomotor symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. Menopause. 2014;21(4):347–354. PMID: 23982113. PubMed.
- Gopal S, Ajgaonkar A, Kanchi P, et al. Effect of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract on climacteric symptoms in women during perimenopause: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2021;47(12):4414–4425. PMID: 34553463. PubMed.
- Larki M, Mohammadi S, Makvandi S. The Effect of Evening Primrose Oil on Menopausal Symptoms Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Caring Sciences. 2025;14(4):293–302. PMID: 41883983. PubMed.
- National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin D: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. NIH ODS.
- National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Calcium: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. NIH ODS.
- National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin B12: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. NIH ODS.
- Greendale GA, Sternfeld B, Huang M, et al. Changes in body composition and weight during the menopause transition. JCI Insight. 2019;4(5):e124865. PMID: 30843880. PubMed.
- Naddafha S, Antonio J, Kreider RB, Stout JR. Creatine monohydrate for lean mass, strength, and bone density in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2026;23(1):2668435. PMID: 42141930. PubMed.
- Currier BS, et al. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Resistance Training Prescription for Muscle Function, Hypertrophy, and Physical Performance in Healthy Adults: An Overview of Reviews. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2026;58(4):851–872. PMID: 41843416. PubMed.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Dietary Supplement Labeling Guide: Chapter IV. Nutrition Labeling. FDA.
- Panay N, Fenton A, Hamoda H, et al.; IMS Recommendations Writing Group. International Menopause Society recommendations and key messages on women’s midlife health and menopause. Climacteric. 2025;28(6):634–656. PMID: 41433054. Correction published 2026, PMID: 41879620. PubMed.
- Maunder A, Mardon AKM, Rao V, et al. Complementary therapies for management of menopausal symptoms: a systematic review to inform the update of the International Menopause Society recommendations on women’s midlife health. Climacteric. 2026;29(2):165–209. PMID: 41498229. PubMed.
- Scheffers CS, Armstrong S, Cantineau AEP, Farquhar C, Jordan V. Dehydroepiandrosterone for women in the peri- or postmenopausal phase. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;(1):CD011066. PMID: 25879093. PubMed.
- Lemos MJ, et al. Intravaginal dehydroepiandrosterone for the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Menopause. 2026;33(7):852–858. PMID: 41589851. PubMed.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Heavy Menstrual Bleeding. ACOG.
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Black Cohosh: Usefulness and Safety. NCCIH.
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Ashwagandha: Usefulness and Safety. NCCIH.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Reproductive Life Planning: A Tool to Shape Your Future. Last reviewed August 2025. ACOG.
